A neuroengenharia como interface para o desenvolvimento terapêutico
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Introdução: As células do sistema nervoso, principalmente os neurônios, comunicam-se através de neurotransmissores e trocas iônicas que geram correntes elétricas ao receberem um estímulo externo ou quando o próprio sistema transmite informações através de impulsos nervosos. Considerando o princípio de que essas informações podem ser capturadas, decodificadas e utilizadas por dispositivos para restaurar funções motoras e sensoriais, o campo da neuroengenharia avançou significativamente nos últimos anos. Por ser uma área de estudo multidisciplinar, seu desenvolvimento exige o alinhamento do conhecimento do funcionamento elétrico do sistema nervoso com a engenharia e os circuitos, a fim de otimizar as neuropróteses para serem cada vez mais eficientes, duráveis e seguras.
Objetivos: Mapear o estado da arte em neuroengenharia e suas nuances com base na literatura científica, e identificar os principais desenvolvimentos, desafios e oportunidades no futuro da área.
Métodos: Revisão de literatura sobre a combinação de engenharia e neurociência em aplicações terapêuticas. Os textos em inglês publicados entre 2012 e 2022, que atendessem aos critérios de inclusão pré-determinados, foram considerados/aceitos utilizando os seguintes termos para a pesquisa: “robotic prosthesis, neuroengineering, eletrofisiologia, movimento robótico, decodificação neural, engenharia do sistema nervoso, neurofisiologia, prótese neural e neuroanatomia”.
Resultados: A revisão demonstrou que existem abordagens terapêuticas estabelecidas baseadas na neuroengenharia, como a estimulação cerebral profunda para aliviar os sintomas de Parkinson. Porém, para algumas doenças neurodegenerativas e lesões do sistema nervoso, as neuropróteses com foco terapêutico ainda estão em fase experimental ou necessitam de ajustes para atender às demandas dos usuários e assim alcançar maior aceitação e precisão.
Conclusão: Apesar dos inúmeros desafios enfrentados nesta fase inicial de desenvolvimento da área, os avanços nas pesquisas já são observáveis devido à evolução tecnológica que permite a implementação de inteligência artificial, microeletrodos mais modernos e melhor compreensão do sistema e adaptação entre organismo e máquina.
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